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Circadian clocks are present in all cells of the body, and have a pervasive influence on all aspects of human physiology. This is because they regulate homeostasis by anticipating rhythmic changes in behavior and nutritional state, and by compartmentalizing incompatible metabolic pathways within precise temporal windows.
Jo Bowyer Chartered Physiotherapist Registered Osteopath. "Out beyond ideas of wrongdoing and rightdoing,there is a field. I'll meet you there." Rumi
Processes in nearly every tissue and organ system in the body are orchestrated by an internal biological clock, which directs circadian rhythm, such as the sleep-wake cycle. Some individuals’ internal clocks are in sync with external time but others are out of sync and considered misaligned.
“This is really an integral part of personalized medicine,” said coauthor Dr. Phyllis Zee, chief of sleep medicine in neurology at Feinberg and a Northwestern Medicine neurologist. “So many drugs have optimal times for dosing. Knowing what time it is in your body is critical to getting the most effective benefits. The best time for you to take the blood pressure drug or the chemotherapy or radiation may be different from somebody else.”
The test measures 40 different gene expression markers in the blood and can be taken any time of day, regardless of whether the patient had a good night’s sleep or was up all night with a baby. It is based on an algorithm developed by Braun and colleagues by drawing subjects’ blood every two hours and examining which genes were higher or lower at certain times of day. Scientists also used gene expression data from studies conducted at four other centers.
Jo Bowyer Chartered Physiotherapist Registered Osteopath. "Out beyond ideas of wrongdoing and rightdoing,there is a field. I'll meet you there." Rumi
Researchers have created a massive database of the changes in gene activity of individual cells in the cerebellum during embryonic development and immediately after birth. The analysis of thousands of brain cells isolated from mice offers researchers a high-resolution map that enables scientists to view the detailed genomic changes cells undergo as the cerebellum wires its neural circuitry.
Jo Bowyer Chartered Physiotherapist Registered Osteopath. "Out beyond ideas of wrongdoing and rightdoing,there is a field. I'll meet you there." Rumi
"Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle driven by environmental light and darkness. One of the best known circadian cycles is sleeping at night and being awake during the day," said corresponding author Dr. Clifford C. Dacso, professor of molecular and cellular biology and member of the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine. "These biological rhythms reflect complex interactions at the molecular level that occur among the paths mediating the expression of genes into active proteins carrying functions in the cell."
There is evidence, however, that other biological cycles exist in addition to 24-hour rhythms. Blood pressure, body temperature, cognitive performance, some circulating hormones, reaction to stress and responses to drug therapy, for instance, appear to follow a 12-hour rhythm, but little is known about the biological basis of it. Dacso and his colleagues set out to find out answers.
Jo Bowyer Chartered Physiotherapist Registered Osteopath. "Out beyond ideas of wrongdoing and rightdoing,there is a field. I'll meet you there." Rumi
Methylation acts as a “dimmer switch” on genes, affecting the degree to which a particular gene is activated or not. Scientists are increasingly looking at this turning on and turning off of genes, known as epigenetics, because it’s believed to be influenced by external forces—a person’s environment or life experiences.
Jo Bowyer Chartered Physiotherapist Registered Osteopath. "Out beyond ideas of wrongdoing and rightdoing,there is a field. I'll meet you there." Rumi
For centuries, people have asked themselves questions about well-being with hedonic well-being and eudaimonic well-being as its major philosophical schools of thoughts. Hedonic well-being concerns the balance of pleasure over pain, with Aristippus (c. 435–c. 356 BCE), as one of its founders1. Whereas the hedonic tradition focused on what is good for a person, the eudaimonic tradition took well-being to centre around virtuous activity, defined as knowledge (practiced over time) and the fulfilment of human capacities2. One of the important founders of eudaimonic well-being is Aristotele (c. 384–c. 322 BCE), who was a true opponent of the hedonistic school of thought describing it as “vulgar”3. According to Aristotle, eudaimonic well-being is more than being happy and is it about the actualization of the human potential4.
Jo Bowyer Chartered Physiotherapist Registered Osteopath. "Out beyond ideas of wrongdoing and rightdoing,there is a field. I'll meet you there." Rumi
Many of our psychological traits are innate in origin. There is overwhelming evidence from twin, family and general population studies that all manner of personality traits, as well as things such as intelligence, sexuality and risk of psychiatric disorders, are highly heritable. Put concretely, this means that a sizeable fraction of the population spread of values such as IQ scores or personality measures is attributable to genetic differences between people. The story of our lives most definitively does not start with a blank page.
Jo Bowyer Chartered Physiotherapist Registered Osteopath. "Out beyond ideas of wrongdoing and rightdoing,there is a field. I'll meet you there." Rumi
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